The bi-directional flow of power also complicates the earth fault protection. Hence, directional over-current protection is adopted along the line between the transmission grid and the distributed generation. With distributed generation connected to distribution network, power flows bi-directionally. Distribution network dynamically changes from “passive” to “active” network. However, with the forecasted increase in generation from renewable sources, it is important that adequate codes are in place with regards to their integration to sub-transmission/distribution network. Relay typically used in distribution network are designed to cater for current flow in one direction, i.e., from transmission network to load. In distribution systems in Malaysia, non-directional over-current protection is adopted because of the radial nature of the power system used. Over-current protection is principally intended to counteract excessive current in power systems.
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